/reference/drugs/seizure-control
Levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproate, lorazepam, propofol
SV2A vesicle-binding antiepileptic
Binds synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) and modulates neurotransmitter release; mechanism distinct from sodium-channel and GABA-receptor antiepileptics. Broad-spectrum efficacy against focal and generalized seizures.
Hydantoin sodium-channel-blocking antiepileptic
Use-dependent block of voltage-gated neuronal Na⁺ channels — stabilizes the inactivated state, raising the seizure threshold without affecting normal neuronal firing. Also blocks cardiac fast Na⁺ channels (class Ib antiarrhythmic activity).
Branched short-chain fatty-acid antiepileptic / mood stabilizer
Multimodal: enhances GABA synthesis (↑glutamic acid decarboxylase activity, ↓GABA-T degradation), blocks voltage-gated Na⁺ channels, and inhibits T-type Ca²⁺ channels in thalamic neurons. Broad-spectrum — covers focal, generalized, absence, and myoclonic seizures.