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Pharmacology · 10 min

Pharmacology — last-night quick guide

Induction + paralytics + reversal + opioids + locals + emergency.

Rule

Induction defaults

Stable: propofol 1.5–2.5 mg/kg. Cardiac/septic: etomidate 0.2–0.3 mg/kg. Asthmatic/RSI/shock: ketamine 1–2 mg/kg. Trauma + bleeding: ketamine + roc + early blood.

Paralytics

DrugDoseOnsetDuration
Succinylcholine1.0–1.5 mg/kg IV30–60 s5–10 min
Rocuronium0.6–1.2 mg/kg IV60–90 s30–60 min
Vecuronium0.08–0.1 mg/kg3 min30–45 min
Cisatracurium0.15–0.2 mg/kg3–5 min40–75 min (Hofmann)

Rule

Reversal

Sugammadex 2 mg/kg if TOF ≥ 2 twitches; 4 mg/kg if PTC 1-2 only; 16 mg/kg for emergent reversal of just-given roc/vec. Neostigmine 0.05 mg/kg + glyco 0.01 mg/kg only when TOF ≥ 2 — never for deep block.

Watch out

Succinylcholine contraindications

Burns/crush >24 h. Denervation/upper motor neuron lesion >24 h. Muscular dystrophy. Hyperkalemia known. MH susceptibility. K+ >5.5.

Opioids

DrugDoseOnsetTip
Fentanyl1–2 mcg/kg2–3 minBolus for laryngoscopy attenuation
Remifentanil0.05–0.5 mcg/kg/min1 minOIH if high-dose long case
Hydromorphone0.01–0.02 mg/kg5–10 minPO equivalent: 4 mg PO ≈ 1.5 mg IV
Morphine0.05–0.1 mg/kg10–20 minHistamine release; avoid in renal failure

Rule

LAST recognition + treatment

Sx: tinnitus → metallic taste → muscle twitching → seizures → arrhythmia → cardiac arrest. Tx: airway + 100% O2 + 20% Intralipid 1.5 mL/kg bolus then 0.25 mL/kg/min × 10 min. AVOID lidocaine, vasopressin. Use small-dose epi (≤1 mcg/kg). Cardiac arrest = continue lipid + ACLS modified.

Mnemonic — Na-channel blockers

QRS widening on tox screen

Wide-QRS tox = Na-channel block

  • TricyclicsTCAs (amitriptyline, nortriptyline) — Na-channel blockade; treat with bicarb 1-2 mEq/kg
  • Class 1A/1CQuinidine, procainamide, flecainide — Na-channel blockade
  • CocaineLocal anesthetic Na-channel blockade + sympathomimetic; benzos + bicarb, avoid β-blockers alone
  • DiphenhydramineTCA-like Na-channel blockade at high doses
  • HyperkalemiaNot a drug but causes the same wide-QRS picture; calcium first

Sodium bicarbonate 1-2 mEq/kg is the unifying treatment for Na-channel toxicity — overdrives the block + alkalinizes serum.

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