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Airway · 8 min

Airway — last-night quick guide

Default plan, predictors, equipment, induction, failure ladder.

Rule

Default plan

Pre-oxygenate (FiO2 1.0 × 3 min or 8 vital-capacity breaths) → induction → laryngoscopy → ETT → confirm ETCO2. Plan B before you start: bougie, video laryngoscope, LMA, surgical airway.

Difficult airway predictors

  • LEMON (look, evaluate 3-3-2, Mallampati III/IV, obstruction, neck mobility)
  • MOANS — difficult mask (mask seal, obese, age, no teeth, stiff lungs)
  • RODS — difficult LMA (restricted mouth, obstruction, distorted, stiff lungs)
  • SHORT — difficult cric (surgery, hematoma, obese, radiation, tumor)

Mnemonic — LEMON

LEMON — Difficult airway prediction

LEMON details

  • LLook externally — facial trauma, beard, large incisors, large tongue, short neck
  • EEvaluate 3-3-2 — 3 finger mouth opening, 3 finger mentum-to-hyoid, 2 finger hyoid-to-thyroid
  • MMallampati class — III/IV correlates with difficulty
  • OObstruction — stridor, FB, abscess, tumor, hematoma
  • NNeck mobility — flexion/extension limits (RA, AS, halo, cervical fusion)

Failing 2+ predicts difficult laryngoscopy. Add MOANS for difficult mask + RODS for difficult LMA + SHORT for difficult cric.

Mnemonic — SOAP-ME

SOAP-ME — Airway preparation checklist

SOAP-ME prep checklist

  • SSuction (working, Yankauer + soft, on)
  • OOxygen (delivery system + backup tank, capnography active)
  • AAirway equipment (mask, OPA, NPA, LMA, ETT in 2 sizes, stylet, bougie, video laryngoscope)
  • PPharmacology drawn (induction, paralytic, pressors, atropine, naloxone, sugammadex)
  • MMonitors (5-lead ECG, NIBP cuff, SpO₂, capnography, temp, NMB monitor for paralytic cases)
  • EEquipment (functional anesthesia machine, IV access verified, tilt table function, defibrillator nearby)

Run through SOAP-ME aloud as part of your time-out. Especially critical for difficult airway cases.

ETT sizing — adults

PatientCuffed ID
Adult male8.0–8.5
Adult female7.0–7.5
Adult depth at lip21–23 cm

ETT sizing — peds

AgeCuffed IDDepth
Term neonate3.09–10 cm
6 mo3.510–11 cm
1 yr4.011 cm
>2 yr cuffed(age/4)+3.5(age/2)+12

Rule

Failed intubation ladder

(1) Optimize: head position, BURP, blade size. (2) Adjuncts: bougie, VL. (3) Supraglottic rescue (LMA). (4) Wake up if elective. (5) Cricothyrotomy if can't intubate, can't oxygenate.

Watch out

Awake intubation

If predicted difficult AND poor mask seal AND poor SGA option → awake fiberoptic. Glycopyrrolate 0.2-0.4 mg IV + lidocaine 4% nebulized + topical 4% spray + transtracheal lidocaine 4 mL. Sedation light: dex + low-dose midaz.

Difficult airway algorithm →Q-bank · airway →